©2023 Seyfarth Shaw LLP Developments in Equal Pay Litigation | iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EQUAL PAY LEGISLATION..................................................................................................................1 A. The Federal Equal Pay Act And Title VII ...............................................................................1 B. State Equal Pay Legislation ...................................................................................................1 C. Pay Transparency And Other State And Local Initiatives......................................................3 CASE LAW DEVELOPMENTS IN 2022 AND EARLY 2023 .................................................................7 A. Proving The Prima Facie Case ..............................................................................................7 1. Establishing A Wage Disparity......................................................................................8 2. Showing That Work Is “Equal” Or “Substantially Similar”...........................................16 B. Significant Class And Collective Action Decisions...............................................................25 1. Recent Cases Involving Collective Action Certification ..............................................25 2. Recent Cases Involving Class Action Certification.....................................................31 C. Disproving Discrimination: Employers’ Affirmative Defenses ..............................................35 1. Proving A Factor Other Than Sex...............................................................................35 2. Additional State Law Requirements To Establish The Factor Other Than Sex Defense.......................................................................................................................40 3. Challenging The Factor Other Than Sex: Salary History And Beyond ......................42 4. Other Affirmative Defenses.........................................................................................47 5. Pretext .........................................................................................................................50 D. Other Important Substantive Decisions Impacting Equal Pay Litigation .............................53 1. Retaliation Claims .......................................................................................................53 2. Arbitration Agreements ...............................................................................................56 3. Proving An “Establishment” ........................................................................................59 4. Identifying The “Employer” Under The EPA ...............................................................61 5. Statute Of Limitations And Willfulness Issues ............................................................64 DEVELOPMENTS IN EEOC ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL PAY ACT CLAIMS................................65 A. Recent Examples Of EEOC Enforcement Activity...............................................................65 B. EEOC Litigation of Title VII Equal Pay Claims.....................................................................69
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