©2024 Seyfarth Shaw LLP Developments in Equal Pay Litigation | iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EQUAL PAY LEGISLATION ..................................................................................................................1 A. The Federal Equal Pay Act And Title VII ...............................................................................1 B. State Equal Pay Legislation ................................................................................................... 1 C. Pay Transparency And Other State And Local Initiatives......................................................2 RECENT CASE LAW DEVELOPMENTS..............................................................................................7 A. Proving The Prima Facie Case ..............................................................................................7 1. Establishing A Wage Disparity......................................................................................8 2. Showing That Work Is “Equal” Or “Substantially Similar”...........................................19 B. Significant Class And Collective Action Decisions...............................................................31 1. Recent Cases Involving Collective Action Certification ..............................................31 2. Recent Cases Involving Class Action Certification.....................................................38 C. Disproving Discrimination: Employers’ Affirmative Defenses ..............................................43 1. Proving A Factor Other Than Sex...............................................................................43 2. Additional State Law Requirements To Establish The Factor Other Than Sex Defense ....................................................................................................................... 49 3. Challenging The Factor Other Than Sex: Salary History And Beyond ......................53 4. Other Affirmative Defenses.........................................................................................59 5. Pretext ......................................................................................................................... 62 D. Other Important Substantive Decisions Impacting Equal Pay Litigation .............................65 1. Retaliation Claims ....................................................................................................... 65 2. Proving An “Establishment” ........................................................................................69 3. Identifying The “Employer” Under The EPA ...............................................................71 4. Statute Of Limitations And Willfulness Issues ............................................................75 5. Maintaining Privilege Of Internal Investigations..........................................................75 DEVELOPMENTS IN EEOC ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL PAY ACT CLAIMS................................79 A. Recent Examples Of EEOC Enforcement Activity...............................................................79 B. EEOC Litigation Of Title VII Equal Pay Claims ....................................................................83
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