Developments In Equal Pay Litigation - 2024 Update

Table of Contents	V
Equal Pay Legislation	1
A. The Federal Equal Pay Act And Title VII	1
B. State Equal Pay Legislation	1
C. Pay Transparency And Other State And Local Initiatives	2
Recent Case Law Developments	7
A. Proving The Prima Facie Case	7
1. Establishing A Wage Disparity	8
2. Showing That Work Is “Equal” Or “Substantially Similar”	19
B. Significant Class And Collective Action Decisions	31
1. Recent Cases Involving Collective Action Certification	31
2. Recent Cases Involving Class Action Certification	38
C. Disproving Discrimination: Employers’ Affirmative Defenses	43
1. Proving A Factor Other Than Sex	43
2. Additional State Law Requirements To Establish The Factor Other Than Sex Defense	49
3. Challenging The Factor Other Than Sex: Salary History And Beyond	53
4. Other Affirmative Defenses	59
5. Pretext	62
D. Other Important Substantive Decisions Impacting Equal Pay Litigation	65
1. Retaliation Claims	65
2. Proving An “Establishment”	69
3. Identifying The “Employer” Under The EPA	71
4. Statute Of Limitations And Willfulness Issues	75
5. Maintaining Privilege Of Internal Investigations	75
Developments In EEOC Enforcement Of Equal Pay Act Claims	79
A. Recent Examples Of EEOC Enforcement Activity	79
B. EEOC Litigation Of Title VII Equal Pay Claims	83

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